the.com/coalition politics
democracy's group project, where everyone gets a grade but nobody does equal work.
means a system where no single party wins enough power alone, so rivals form uneasy alliances to govern together.
from from latin coalescere, to grow together — political science borrowed it in the 19th century for parliamentary systems where proportional representation makes outright majorities rare.
italy's turnover69 governments since 1946, averaging just over a year each
germany's wordkoalitionsvertrag, the coalition contract, can run 170 pages
israel's recordformed government after five elections in three years, 2019-2022
for instance
india's upa 2004 — congress led 13 parties, kept power a decade despite no majority
germany's ampel 2021 — traffic-light coalition of spd, greens, fdp collapsed in 2024
israel's netanyahu blocs — stitched together ultra-orthodox and nationalist parties for survival
weimar republic — revolving coalitions helped pave the way for its 1933 collapse