the.com/subtitles
reading a movie so hard you forget it has sound.
means text on screen translating or transcribing dialogue, so meaning survives the gap between languages or hearing.
from from silent-film intertitles in the 1900s, which cut the whole scene to show text; sound film shrank that text to a strip at the bottom, borrowing latin sub (below) plus title.
invented fordeaf audiences and foreign markets simultaneously, early 1900s
speed limitreaders cap around 17 characters per second
not captionscaptions also describe sound, subtitles assume you can hear
fan-made termfansubs predate official streaming translations by decades